The paper discusses a manuscript of the Qurʾān dating from the first half of the seventh century AD. The text does not belong to the ʿUtmānic textual tradition, making this the only known ̠ manuscript of a non-ʿUtmānic text type. The essay compares this text type with those of ̱ the ʿUtmānic and other Companion…

What’s the motivation? – One might consider the possibility that the diptosy of the feminine ending developed in this category of proper names, and spread to all feminine nouns. It is, however, difficult to motivate how such a marginal characteristic of proper names would come to be spread analogically to all nouns with the feminine…

Contamination can skew the carbon isotope ratio, leading to inaccurate age estimates. When discrepancies like this occur, especially if other labs produce consistent results that match each other, scholars typically cross-reference with other dating methods or retest the sample. The inconsistent result is approached with caution, and the broader consensus from multiple tests and methods…

Article The memory of war – and its use – was a constant in the Middle Ages and beyond. For example, a knight from Vélay, a veteran of the First Crusade, gave King Louis VII of France, probably in 1137, a luxurious illuminated copy of three chronicles of the Holy Land, including those of two…

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article

Article This body of sunnas convinced all of the early jurists, except for those mentioned above, that the Prophet condoned the participation of polytheists/unbelievers in his campaigns. This was the position of al-Shaʿbī, Qatāda, Abū Ḥanīfa, al-Awzāʿī, Sufyān al-Thawrī, Abū Yūsuf, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Shaybānī, al-Shāfiʿī (Ibn Ḥazm, Muḥallā, vol. 7, p. 334. For specific…