John is crucial. He is an eyewitness of the first fitna and comments on it claiming that “The Arabs, too, are shown to endure God’s wrath in the form of a division of their kingdom (malkūtā), a reference to their first civil war (656–61).” [Need exact quote] He is an eyewitness to: Thus if there…

“the godless Saracens entered the holy city of Christ our Lord, Jerusalem, with the permission of God and in punishment for our negligence, which is considerable, and immediately proceeded in haste to the place which is called the Capitol. They took with them men, some by force, others by their own will, in order to…

Muʽāwiya wrote to Constans II, calling on him to abandon Christianity and turn from Jesus to worship the God of Abraham: Mu‘āwiya tried to mint gold and silver coins without crosses on them, but this omission meant that people refused to use them (Christians) mainly.

His academia page: https://yale.academia.edu/PaulKrause

Two Major Flaws:

Here it should be emphasized that a number of factors could have caused a receptivity to people who belonged to other religious traditions, even rival and competing ones: religious indifference and ignorance of one’s own tradition; sheer pragmatism that grew from everyday human interaction; the realities of governing an empire that was overwhelmingly non-Muslim; and,…

The term Wahhabi was historically used and claimed by the Wahhabis themselves. Both Islamic/Western scholars agree on this. Ibn Baz says this is a famous label of the scholars of Tawhid attributed to Muhammad Ibn Abd ul-Wahhab: https://youtu.be/_4m6F_JV-FE “And you have said this is the religion of the Wahhabiyyah, and yes it is our religion…