Probably a larger number hold that they are later compositions by a writer (or perhaps more than one writer) anxious to revivify the legacy of Paul for a later generation or, more loosely, to invoke the authority of Paul for what he thought needed to be said at that time. This means that the possible…

The other deutero-Pauline epistles are usually evaluated under the label of pseudepigraphy, implying a context after the death of Paul, which in the case of the Pastorals might have been as late as mid-second century, based on a possible attack on the controversial early church figure Marcion in 1 Tim 6: 20 (see Collins 2011:…

The authorship of the Pastoral epistles (1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus) has been questioned since the early 1800s. The earliest known doubts were expressed by Johann Ernst Christian Schmidt in 1804, and later Friedrich Schleiermacher and J. G. Eichhorn argued against the authenticity of the letters on historical grounds. F. C. Baur claimed that…

Article Jörg Frey dates 2 Peter to somewhere between 140-160 CE. This is based on Frey’s conclusion that 2 Peter is dependent on ‘Apocalypse of Peter’ (c. 130s CE?). Mayor’s examination of such citations suggested that they do not demonstrate attestation of the letter prior to Clement of Alexandria at the earliest. Mayor next turned…

2 Peter is among the least well attested works of the New Testament from Christian antiquity, although it is found already in P 72 , ca. 300 CE, along with 1 Peter and Jude, the two canonical letters with which it is most closely associated. Origen doubted its authenticity, in words quoted by Eusebius: “Peter…

There are affinities, especially with Romans and Ephesians, and would allow that there are close resemblances between 1 Peter and Titus, James and Hebrews, as well as with the Synoptic tradition and 1 Clement (Kelly, Peter and Jude, p. 11); but he attributes these, by and large, to the influence of ‘accepted patterns of teaching…

Those who view the letter as pseudonymous tend to restrict these limits to the late first century: (70–100 CE) ( E.g., Brox 39–41 (70–100 CE); Achtemeier 43–50 (80–100 CE); Boring 33–34 (late 80s–early 90s CE); Elliott 134–38 (73–92 CE); Senior 7–8 (late first century CE); Feldmeier 39–40 (81–90 CE); Donelson 14–15 (85–95 CE); Schlosser 33–35…