Introduction 📜Schoedel writes about Papias (The Anchor Bible Dictionary, v. 5, p. 140):According to Irenaeus, our earliest witness, Papias was “a hearer of John and a companion of Polycarp, a man of primitive times,” who wrote a volume in “five books” (haer. 5.33.4; quoted by Eusebius Hist. Eccl. 3.39.1). Eusebius already doubted the reality of…

Article Reception of Augustine in Medieval Arabic-Islamic Sources Medieval Arabic-Islamic sources dating between the seventh and the i t eenth centuries either do not mention Aug. or mention him so rarely that it is easier to miss than to i nd him. Islamic philosophers of the Middle Ages seem to have ignored Aug. Important representatives…

“The word ‘election’, as applied to Israel, usually carries a further connotation: not simply the divine choice of this people, but more specifically the divine choice of this people for a particular purpose.”” Paul and the Faithfulness of God, pg. 775 “YHWH’s choice of Israel as his people, was aimed not simply at Israel itself,…

Augustine became quite involved with Manichaeism in his youth, and he was very familiar with its concepts. He, and others that he talks to seem to think of Manichaeism as a Christian religion, though one corrupted by falsehoods. Augustine continues to speak highly of the piety of the Manichaens, even after becoming a Catholic Christian,…

Resources Acts of the Lateran Council Riedinger, R. (ed.) (1984), Concilium Lateranense anno 649 celebratum, Series secunda, volumen primum. ACO i. (Berlin: W. de Gruyter). Acts of the Sixth Ecumenical Council Riedinger, R. (ed.) (1990–92), Concilium universale Constantinopolitanum tertium, Series secunda, volumen secundum. ACO ii. 2 vols. (Berlin: W. de Gruyter). Anonymous Chronicle to 1234…

Background In his lifetime, which spanned the period c.580–662, Maximus was the subject of no fewer than five Byzantine emperors: Tiberius (578–82), Maurice (582–602), Phocas (602–10), Heraclius (610–41) (see Reinink and Stolte 2002), and Constans II (645–68) (Haldon 1997; Kaegi 2003). In addition, he lived through the times of many patriarchs of Constantinople and bishops…

Article Currently there is no widespread agreement on what constitutes gnosis or the gnostic identity in the ancient world. David Brakke argues that one can use the term “Gnostic” in a narrow sense to identify a particular Christian group in antiquity (The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,…

While Christians such as Marcion and Tertullian say that people will have the essence of angels in the world to come, Origen thinks differently that everyone who follows Christ will not only resemble angels in the future, but will turn into a body like stars and become completely angels. Apart from Origen’s idea of ​​turning…

John Calvin, an influential Protestant reformer whom the Presbyterian and the Baptists follow (aka Calvanist), burned his opponent Michael Servetus alive for the Heretical views. Michael hoped he get executed instead of getting burned alive. but instead of accepting the plea to mercy, he was burned alive in green woods and sulfur was added to…

http://www.ntcanon.org/Origen.shtml