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One of the most controversial Shi’i texts today is a sermon in Nahj al-Balaghah (an early eleventh century collection of materials attributed to ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib) describing women as deficient in faith and intellect. This is only one of several passages in Nahj al-Balaghah which come across as unfavourable to women. While, in the…

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Article The concept of al-Mahdi is one of the most important theological ideas in Shia Islam. Its literal meaning is ‘the rightly guided’, and this is how it was probably used in the first decades after the Prophet Muhammad. In Twelver Shia Islam, it has come to denote the hidden Imam who will one day…

Article During an era of profound change in the ways distinct peoples saw and understood the natural world, certain substances turned into global products that connected Asia, Europe, the Americas and the Ottoman world. In his fascinating account of his travels, the Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi (1611–84) recounted a dispute between local butchers and Egyptian…

Article From at least 16 manuscripts that were produced in the Scriptorium, 14 still survive in the Topkapi Palace Museum Library, while one is now in Paris (National Library of France) and another one in the Vatican Library. Approximately half of these manuscripts deal with ancient Greek language and literature. Apart from the manuscripts that…

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