When female professors go on leave, it decreases third-year female Ph.D. students’ likelihood of publishing papers and securing academic positions. Male Ph.D. students in the same cohort benefit from this absence, seeing an increase in their publishing and placement prospects. Their estimates imply that “one additional female senior professor in each top-50 economics department would…

The Cultural Revolution is one of the most extreme efforts of wealth equalization in all of human history, over 43% of all land assets were transferred to others. The goal was explicit: to eliminate income and wealth differences between the rich and poor in perpetuity. The vision of the revolution was to ensure that the…