Introduction:The letter to the Colossians is sometimes taken to be the earliest surviving Pauline pseudepigraphon, and thus the earliest Christian forgery of any kind. But there is obviously no way to say for certain: we do not know who wrote the letter, to whom, or where. As a result, it is virtually impossible to establish…

Article James possesses a standard epistolary prescript (A to B, greetings), but additional epistolary markers are lacking and the actual writer of the document does not leverage his pseudepigraphal identity other than in that prescript. On the one hand, it is possible to follow Stephen R. Llewelyn in considering the prescript as a later addition…

She agrees that the author of the epistle claims to be James the brother of Jesus but that it wasn’t actually written by him. She dates it to the late first or early second century. She shares the view that the author knew Q, and she also referred to Hartins book on it.

Attestation of James James and 1 Peter share a striking number of elements: Authorship Jerome’s work on ‘Illustrious Men’, completed in 392–3 ce, reported that some believed it to have been penned by someone else and then published under James’s name: The problem with James is that it was not in widespread circulation at all.…

The letter attributed to James in the New Testament is thought by some to have been a forgery, written by someone other than James, the brother of Jesus and head of the church in Jerusalem. There are several reasons for this belief. Firstly, James of Nazareth was almost certainly illiterate and unable to write, whereas…

Although the quotation of 1 Enoch in Jude 14–15 is often noted, the complex dependencies between 1 Enoch, Jude, and the Petrine epistles, as well as the general importance of the theology of 1 Enoch in the New Testament, often go under-appreciated. Taking a closer look at these books provides some insight into how early…

Jude the Brother of James An initial question to be addressed concerns the book’s authorial claim. There are a number of persons named Jude/Judas in the New Testament : Judas Iscariot (Mark 3:19 and parallels; twenty-two occurrences altogether), Judas the son of James (the apostle, Luke 6:16), who may also be Judas “not Iscariot” of…

1 TimothyPhilo Who is the Heir of Divine Things 205:But on those minds which are ill-disposed and unproductive of knowledge, it pours forth a whole body of punishments, bringing upon them the most pitiable destruction of the deluge. And the Father who created the universe has given to his archangelic and most ancient Word a…

Probably a larger number hold that they are later compositions by a writer (or perhaps more than one writer) anxious to revivify the legacy of Paul for a later generation or, more loosely, to invoke the authority of Paul for what he thought needed to be said at that time. This means that the possible…

The other deutero-Pauline epistles are usually evaluated under the label of pseudepigraphy, implying a context after the death of Paul, which in the case of the Pastorals might have been as late as mid-second century, based on a possible attack on the controversial early church figure Marcion in 1 Tim 6: 20 (see Collins 2011:…