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Article Kant’s Unconscious “Given” Unconscious Representations

Article In the Preface to the first edition of the Religion, Kant explains that while the foundation of morality abstracts from the presentation of ends altogether, it is still impossible for humans to act without conceiving of ends. Because human beings naturally desire happiness, morality leads to the presentation of the final regulative end as…

Generally, and with a startling lack of originality, this conclusion is followed by quotations of Novalis’ celebrated definition of Spinoza as a ‘God-intoxicated man’ and by Hegel’s equally well-known dictum that Spinoza did not so much deny God as deny the world (a position known as ‘acosmism’) (See Novalis, Schriften, ed. L. Tieck and F.…